The Universe in a Nutshell – [PDF]

Summary
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The Universe in a Nutshell

There has been an exciting new development that means we might discover at least some of the dragons of M-theory more easily (and cheaply). As explained in Chapters 1 and 3, in the M-theory network of mathematical models, spacetime has ten or eleven dimensions. Up to recently, it was thought that the six or seven extra dimensions would all be curled up very small. It would be like human hair.

If you look at a hair under a magnifying glass, you can see it has a thickness, but to the naked eye, it just appears like a line with length but no other dimension. Spacetime may be similar: on human, atomic, or even nuclear physics length scales, it may appear four-dimensional and nearly flat. On the other hand, if we probe to very short distances using extremely high energy particles, we should see that spacetime was ten- or eleven-dimensional.